Ambiguity An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Personal Incredulity Arguing that because something is difficult to understand it must necessarily be untrue. The Fallacy Fallacy Presuming that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the conclusion is necessarily wrong. Texas Sharpshooter Jumping to the conclusion that a cluster in some data must be the result of a cause. A good argument is proven by the one who asserts it and it doesn't fall upon one who is skeptical of the claim to disprove it, but rather the asserter of the position to prove it. Burden of Proof Reversal An argument in which one who asserts a position fails to prove it, but rather tries to get the interlocutor to disprove it. Using manipulative emotion instead of valid argument to convince. Appeal to Emotion Occurs when emotions or emotionally-charged language is used in an attempt to persuade the reader. Anecdotal Using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a valid argument especially to dismiss statistics. False Cause A fallacy that occurs when the alleged cause fails to be related to, or to produce the effect: "the black cat crossing the street brought me bad luck, so I had an accident." Appeal to Nature This argument goes that because something is natural, it must be better. Special Pleading A fallacy of logical argument in which the writer suppresses evidence that contradicts the conclusion in an inductive argument. Propaganda Appeal to FearĪppeal to Flattery Slippery Slope A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. They can be weak because no two things are alike.
Weak Analogies Hasty Generalizations Generalizing based on a small or poor sample population. Statistical Fallacies Hasty Generalizations Black or White When two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist. Bandwagon A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. "Do you still beat your girlfriend?" Whole to Part or Part to Whole Assuming that what is true about one part of something is also true about the whole. Loaded Question Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it cannot be answered without making one appear guilty.
0 kommentar(er)
